周武王、周公旦基於「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕」,故而,分封王族土地,供其建國,以「興滅國,繼絕世。」家、家族的價值與基礎,完整保留。因此,孔子沒有亡國、滅族的感受。
在「封建制度」的規範下,天子與諸侯、貴族,以「禮」為制約。孔子認為此封建制度內涵「仁德」?
孔子以其機械論宇宙觀-「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。」-「無為而治」,表達其對於內涵仁德的封建制度,其認同與肯定?「仁德」就是「萬有引力」?「禮」就是「秩序」?
但是,在此「封建制度」下,身分、階級世襲且分明,統治者與被統治者已區分嚴明,封建社會已形成。孔子接受封建社會?
孔子三歲喪父,母親非正室,同父異母的長兄是「嫡長子」,孔子沒有任何繼承權。而孔子由其母親單獨扶養,在單親家庭成長。年少,幫人看羊、做雜事。年長,幫人管帳、管倉儲,做小吏使。故而,孔子不禁說道:「吾少也賤,故多能鄙事。"When I was young, my condition was low, and therefore I acquired my ability in many things, but they were mean matters. James Legge,Confucian Analects,op cit., p.218"」(論語子罕)
孔子不認為自己是封建社會的被壓迫者,仍以恢復「封建制度」為其天命?
「天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出。….天下有道,則政不在大夫。天下有道,則庶人不議。"When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven.''''''When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the Great officers. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people. Ibid.p.218"」(論語季氏)
孔子的「身分」,介於大夫與庶民間,既肯定封建制度,又接受封建社會,為什麼?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012. 01. 13
2012年1月13日 星期五
2012年1月11日 星期三
火車勾甘蔗(結論.II) 孔子的機械論宇宙觀(三)
詩云"The Book of Poetry said":「普天之下,莫非王土"Under the whole Heaven, every spot is the Sovereign's land"。
率土之濱,莫非王臣"To the borders of the land, every individual is the Sovereign's minister.James Legge, the Works of Mencius, op cit., p.352"。」(孟子萬章上)
周朝初創,周武王及攝政王周公旦,分別以「天子」名義,將王畿以外土地,分封給王室成員、王族及功臣,共71位受頒公、侯、伯、子、男不等爵位的諸侯。諸侯又分封土地給貴族。如此諸侯、貴族在其「封邑」,建立「封國」及軍隊。屏障王室,鞏固周天子的「天下共主」地位。
周朝領域,從西岐,進而山西、河南、河北、山東到海濱,共建立大小不等1800國。可謂:「普天之下,莫非王土。率土之濱,莫非王臣。」
諸侯及貴族在其領域,擁有自主權。諸侯對於「周天子」負擔三項義務:即,一、定期進貢。二、五年一次回朝廷述職。三、帶領軍隊,隨天子征伐。除此之外,封地資源及收益,全歸諸侯及貴族。
封建初期,諸侯的軍隊,受制於天子派駐的內臣。春秋以後,諸侯完全掌握軍隊。故而,孔子說道:「天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出。天下無道,則禮樂征伐自諸侯出。"When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes.James Legge, Confucian Analects, op cit., P.310"」(論語季氏)
天子與諸侯、貴族間,其制約乃「禮」。
因此,周朝的封建制度,形同現在的「大英國協」(The British Commonwealth),既非中央集權,亦非地方分權,乃一以仁為基礎的道德體系。孔子對此封建制度,如此期許?「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。"He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. Ibid. p.145"」
此封建制度,脫離不了帝制(Monarchy)及貴族政治(Aristocracy)!
人的貴賤,不在身分,而在「仁德」。
故謂:「人而不仁,如禮何?人而不仁,如樂何?"If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music ? Ibid. p. 155"」
但是,孔子是殷商王室後裔,沒有亡國的感受?尤其,被殖民的感受?
周初兩次封建,分封王族。乃基於「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕。」因此,「興滅國,繼絕世」,分封黃帝、堯、舜、禹、商紂王族後裔,使其建國。
紂王兒子武庚,原分封於商舊地。經平定其反抗後,被分為宋、衛兩國。故而,殷商沒有亡國之事。
孔子先祖是商紂王室成員,爾後,仍為宋國公爵。其第六代祖為宋國大夫,第五代祖避難魯國。孔子父親亦為魯國大夫。孔子為庶子,沒有繼承權,但沒有不平等的感受,仍然認同封建制度,為什麼?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.11
附記:
現在台灣出生嬰兒,其姓氏由「抽籤」決定!
所羅門王(King Solomon)不禁搖頭!
這些小祖宗(無論女性、男性),年年跟隨父母慶祝「煮父母」節,「煮父母」何其印象深刻!
到了十八歲,小祖宗們可以選擇從父姓從母姓,一個小家庭既然有兩個姓氏!就親自「煮父母」
我要選自己的姓!
我不要何任姓!
台灣的未來,操之這些小祖宗!
「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕。」
「興滅國,繼絕世。」
中國國民黨,能說什麼?
台灣民進黨,能不樂見!
「天何言哉!四姓(父、母、子、女或兄弟姊妹)行焉,百氏生焉,天何言哉!」
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.11
率土之濱,莫非王臣"To the borders of the land, every individual is the Sovereign's minister.James Legge, the Works of Mencius, op cit., p.352"。」(孟子萬章上)
周朝初創,周武王及攝政王周公旦,分別以「天子」名義,將王畿以外土地,分封給王室成員、王族及功臣,共71位受頒公、侯、伯、子、男不等爵位的諸侯。諸侯又分封土地給貴族。如此諸侯、貴族在其「封邑」,建立「封國」及軍隊。屏障王室,鞏固周天子的「天下共主」地位。
周朝領域,從西岐,進而山西、河南、河北、山東到海濱,共建立大小不等1800國。可謂:「普天之下,莫非王土。率土之濱,莫非王臣。」
諸侯及貴族在其領域,擁有自主權。諸侯對於「周天子」負擔三項義務:即,一、定期進貢。二、五年一次回朝廷述職。三、帶領軍隊,隨天子征伐。除此之外,封地資源及收益,全歸諸侯及貴族。
封建初期,諸侯的軍隊,受制於天子派駐的內臣。春秋以後,諸侯完全掌握軍隊。故而,孔子說道:「天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出。天下無道,則禮樂征伐自諸侯出。"When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes.James Legge, Confucian Analects, op cit., P.310"」(論語季氏)
天子與諸侯、貴族間,其制約乃「禮」。
因此,周朝的封建制度,形同現在的「大英國協」(The British Commonwealth),既非中央集權,亦非地方分權,乃一以仁為基礎的道德體系。孔子對此封建制度,如此期許?「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。"He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. Ibid. p.145"」
此封建制度,脫離不了帝制(Monarchy)及貴族政治(Aristocracy)!
人的貴賤,不在身分,而在「仁德」。
故謂:「人而不仁,如禮何?人而不仁,如樂何?"If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music ? Ibid. p. 155"」
但是,孔子是殷商王室後裔,沒有亡國的感受?尤其,被殖民的感受?
周初兩次封建,分封王族。乃基於「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕。」因此,「興滅國,繼絕世」,分封黃帝、堯、舜、禹、商紂王族後裔,使其建國。
紂王兒子武庚,原分封於商舊地。經平定其反抗後,被分為宋、衛兩國。故而,殷商沒有亡國之事。
孔子先祖是商紂王室成員,爾後,仍為宋國公爵。其第六代祖為宋國大夫,第五代祖避難魯國。孔子父親亦為魯國大夫。孔子為庶子,沒有繼承權,但沒有不平等的感受,仍然認同封建制度,為什麼?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.11
附記:
現在台灣出生嬰兒,其姓氏由「抽籤」決定!
所羅門王(King Solomon)不禁搖頭!
這些小祖宗(無論女性、男性),年年跟隨父母慶祝「煮父母」節,「煮父母」何其印象深刻!
到了十八歲,小祖宗們可以選擇從父姓從母姓,一個小家庭既然有兩個姓氏!就親自「煮父母」
我要選自己的姓!
我不要何任姓!
台灣的未來,操之這些小祖宗!
「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕。」
「興滅國,繼絕世。」
中國國民黨,能說什麼?
台灣民進黨,能不樂見!
「天何言哉!四姓(父、母、子、女或兄弟姊妹)行焉,百氏生焉,天何言哉!」
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.11
2012年1月6日 星期五
火車勾甘蔗(結論.II) 孔子的機械論宇宙觀(二)
「北辰」,北極星(North Polar Star),最靠近北天極的恒星。因為永遠處在天際極北的位置,成為航海的指標,旅途的指引。孔子周遊列國,當然認識北辰的功能。
「北辰」處在天體極北的位置,如同處在天體的中樞,形成眾星環護拱照的場域。
為什麼「北辰」能夠讓眾星產生如此的向心力?
孔子發現「萬有引力」?
不,孔子發現「仁德」的親和力和攝服力─向心力。
故而,孔子說道:「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。"He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. James Legge, Confucian Analects,op cit., p.145"」
北辰和眾星拱照所構成的天體秩序,是自律、自主、相輔、相成的秩序。就如同太陽和地球等九大行星,構成一自律、自主、相輔、相成的秩序。
以太陽為中心的太陽系秩序,其原動力是「萬有引力」。而以北辰為中樞的天體秩序,其原動力是「仁德」。前者是自然因果律,後者是智性因果律,兩者同是機械論宇宙觀。自然神論認為上帝是第一因,孔子亦如是。認為個人的目的自主,孔子亦如是!
「北辰居其所而眾星共之」的政治,亦稱「無為而治」。故而,孔子說道:「無為而治者,其舜也與!夫何為哉?恭己正南面而已矣。"May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat. Ibid. p.295"」(論語衛靈公)
「北辰居其所而眾星共之」,和「舜恭己正南面」,都是「無為而治」,都是行仁。故而,皆是為政以德。舜的仁德是從「孝弟」紮根,而「孝弟」是舜的天性,故而,孔子說道:「孝弟也者,其為仁之本與。"Filial piety and fraternal submission, they are root of all benevolent actions. Ibid. p.139"」(論語學而)孝弟是仁的根本。
孝弟行於家庭,家齊。齊家,家庭和樂,也就是「為政以德」,故而孔子引「書經」說法,謂:「書云:孝乎,惟孝友于兄弟」施於有政,是亦為政,奚其為為政?"What does the Shun-ching say of filial piety? You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties. These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be That-making one be in the government?Ibid.p.153"(論語為政)
齊家就是「為政以德,不是求官、做官、舒展抱負,才算從政!
「家」是每個家庭成員的「家」。每個成員都是獨立個體,父母慈愛,子女孝順,兄姊友愛弟妹,弟妹恭敬兄姊,「孝弟」就是家庭的向心力,是智性的「萬有引力」,使得家庭和樂,秩序井然。
家長是家庭的靈魂?妻子那是情慾!未成年子女不是情緒!那來身軀充當靈魂的工具?故而,孔子完全摒棄有機體論的宇宙觀,不持有機體論的社會秩序。
孔子的機械論宇宙觀,從「北辰的眾星共之」、「舜的恭己正南面」,到家的孝弟,談的就是「仁」。
故謂:「人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如樂何?"If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music?Ibid. p.155"」(論語八佾)「唯仁者,能好人,能惡人。"It is only the (truly) virtuous man, who can love, or can hate, others.Ibid.p.166"」(論語里仁)
孔子如何看待周朝的封建制度─封土建國─分封土地,給予諸侯建國?
封建制度不是侵略性的帝國主義和殖民主義?
諸侯建國以屏障中央王室─「譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。」無為而治能存在於封建制度?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker 2012.01.07
「北辰」處在天體極北的位置,如同處在天體的中樞,形成眾星環護拱照的場域。
為什麼「北辰」能夠讓眾星產生如此的向心力?
孔子發現「萬有引力」?
不,孔子發現「仁德」的親和力和攝服力─向心力。
故而,孔子說道:「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。"He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. James Legge, Confucian Analects,op cit., p.145"」
北辰和眾星拱照所構成的天體秩序,是自律、自主、相輔、相成的秩序。就如同太陽和地球等九大行星,構成一自律、自主、相輔、相成的秩序。
以太陽為中心的太陽系秩序,其原動力是「萬有引力」。而以北辰為中樞的天體秩序,其原動力是「仁德」。前者是自然因果律,後者是智性因果律,兩者同是機械論宇宙觀。自然神論認為上帝是第一因,孔子亦如是。認為個人的目的自主,孔子亦如是!
「北辰居其所而眾星共之」的政治,亦稱「無為而治」。故而,孔子說道:「無為而治者,其舜也與!夫何為哉?恭己正南面而已矣。"May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat. Ibid. p.295"」(論語衛靈公)
「北辰居其所而眾星共之」,和「舜恭己正南面」,都是「無為而治」,都是行仁。故而,皆是為政以德。舜的仁德是從「孝弟」紮根,而「孝弟」是舜的天性,故而,孔子說道:「孝弟也者,其為仁之本與。"Filial piety and fraternal submission, they are root of all benevolent actions. Ibid. p.139"」(論語學而)孝弟是仁的根本。
孝弟行於家庭,家齊。齊家,家庭和樂,也就是「為政以德」,故而孔子引「書經」說法,謂:「書云:孝乎,惟孝友于兄弟」施於有政,是亦為政,奚其為為政?"What does the Shun-ching say of filial piety? You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties. These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be That-making one be in the government?Ibid.p.153"(論語為政)
齊家就是「為政以德,不是求官、做官、舒展抱負,才算從政!
「家」是每個家庭成員的「家」。每個成員都是獨立個體,父母慈愛,子女孝順,兄姊友愛弟妹,弟妹恭敬兄姊,「孝弟」就是家庭的向心力,是智性的「萬有引力」,使得家庭和樂,秩序井然。
家長是家庭的靈魂?妻子那是情慾!未成年子女不是情緒!那來身軀充當靈魂的工具?故而,孔子完全摒棄有機體論的宇宙觀,不持有機體論的社會秩序。
孔子的機械論宇宙觀,從「北辰的眾星共之」、「舜的恭己正南面」,到家的孝弟,談的就是「仁」。
故謂:「人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如樂何?"If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music?Ibid. p.155"」(論語八佾)「唯仁者,能好人,能惡人。"It is only the (truly) virtuous man, who can love, or can hate, others.Ibid.p.166"」(論語里仁)
孔子如何看待周朝的封建制度─封土建國─分封土地,給予諸侯建國?
封建制度不是侵略性的帝國主義和殖民主義?
諸侯建國以屏障中央王室─「譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。」無為而治能存在於封建制度?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker 2012.01.07
2012年1月4日 星期三
火車勾甘蔗(結論.Ⅱ) 孔子的機械論宇宙觀(一).
「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。"He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. James Legge, Confucian Analects,op cit.,p.145" 」(論語為政)
書云:「孝乎,惟孝友于兄弟。施於有政,是亦為政,奚其為為政?」"What does the Shu-Ching say of filial piety? You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties. These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be That-making one be in the government? Ibid.p.153"(同上)
迪卡兒(Rene’ Descartes)謂:「予余物體及運動,余將構建宇宙。」表現其自然神論者的機械論宇宙觀。
但是整個機械論宇宙觀,直到牛頓((Issac Newton)發現「萬有引力」(Gravity),其理論體系始完備。
而此機械論宇宙觀的建立,由哥白尼(Nicolaus Copernicus)的地球繞日說,首開其先,凱卜洛(Johann Kepler)以天體運行三大定律,繼其後。伽利略(G. Gaileo)自比薩斜塔的實驗,證實重力加速度原理,天體運行的輪廓已呈現。
牛頓繼哥白尼、凱卜洛、伽利略而建立機械論宇宙觀,推翻亞里斯多德所建立的有機體宇宙觀。有機體社會秩序觀亦因之失其立足處。一個自律自主的社會秩序乃至個人目的自主的道德秩序,因而逐步建立。
柏拉圖(Plato)的「共和國」或「論公正」,書中格勞孔(Glaucon)引述腓尼基神話(Phoenician Tale),認為人分為金、銀、銅、鐵四等級。金級之人司統御領導,銀級之人任幕僚,銅、鐵之人充當農夫和工匠。而所謂公正乃各取所需、各盡所能,與「每個人應僅從事一種工作,此一工作乃其人本性最適合者。」
因此,柏拉圖理想國的社會秩序,乃階級固定、職務亦終身固定的有機體社會秩序。
亞里斯多德沿襲「共和國」的有機體社會秩序觀念。認為人由靈魂和身軀合組而成。靈魂乃統治者,身軀是其臣屬。主人與奴隷即此關係。
靈魂統治身軀,另外智能(Intellect)統治慾望(Appetite),心靈(Mind)與理性(Ration)統治情緒(Passion)。
靈魂以專制式(Despotical)統治身軀,智能以改善式(Constitutional)統治慾望,心靈與理性以改善式和忠誠式(Royal)統治情緒。
主人對於奴隸的統治乃專制式,男人對於妻子的統治乃改善式,父親對於未成年子女的統治乃忠誠式。奴隸喻身軀,妻子喻慾望,未成年子女乃情緒,而男人乃靈魂。
家庭乃應男人需要而建立的自然結社。男性長者乃一家之主,其成員為妻子、未成年子女。妻子和未成年子女皆是自由人。唯奴隸乃主人的所有,不屬家庭成員,乃主人的行動工具(Instrument of action)與財產。
個人由家庭進而村落,其最終目的乃國家。國家由國王統治。國家乃個人的究極因(Final Cause)和目的(End),乃一自足自滿與至為完整的形式(Self-Sufficing and Best Form)。
個人的目的在國家,國家始為個人本性的完成。
個人的生存以國家的存在為條件,個人的本性於整體國家始能發現。
﹝以上參考:潘明正撰,人權之法理基礎,頁九十三,二十二,十九~二十。)
孔子在「大學之道」揭示「修身"their persons being cultivated"、齊家"their families were regulated"、治國"their states were rightly governed"、平天下"the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy"」的漸次。認為「自天子以至於庶人,壹是皆以修身為本。"From the son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides. James Legge, The Great Learning,op cit.,p.359"」(見大學章句,經一章、大學之道)
但修身是個人仁德的完成,如此,以完成個人修身為先決條件,進而齊家、治國、平天下。天子如此,庶人亦如此,故而,孔子不持有機論的社會秩序乃至有機論的宇宙觀。
孔子持「目的自主的機械論宇宙觀」?
(取自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.04
書云:「孝乎,惟孝友于兄弟。施於有政,是亦為政,奚其為為政?」"What does the Shu-Ching say of filial piety? You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties. These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be That-making one be in the government? Ibid.p.153"(同上)
迪卡兒(Rene’ Descartes)謂:「予余物體及運動,余將構建宇宙。」表現其自然神論者的機械論宇宙觀。
但是整個機械論宇宙觀,直到牛頓((Issac Newton)發現「萬有引力」(Gravity),其理論體系始完備。
而此機械論宇宙觀的建立,由哥白尼(Nicolaus Copernicus)的地球繞日說,首開其先,凱卜洛(Johann Kepler)以天體運行三大定律,繼其後。伽利略(G. Gaileo)自比薩斜塔的實驗,證實重力加速度原理,天體運行的輪廓已呈現。
牛頓繼哥白尼、凱卜洛、伽利略而建立機械論宇宙觀,推翻亞里斯多德所建立的有機體宇宙觀。有機體社會秩序觀亦因之失其立足處。一個自律自主的社會秩序乃至個人目的自主的道德秩序,因而逐步建立。
柏拉圖(Plato)的「共和國」或「論公正」,書中格勞孔(Glaucon)引述腓尼基神話(Phoenician Tale),認為人分為金、銀、銅、鐵四等級。金級之人司統御領導,銀級之人任幕僚,銅、鐵之人充當農夫和工匠。而所謂公正乃各取所需、各盡所能,與「每個人應僅從事一種工作,此一工作乃其人本性最適合者。」
因此,柏拉圖理想國的社會秩序,乃階級固定、職務亦終身固定的有機體社會秩序。
亞里斯多德沿襲「共和國」的有機體社會秩序觀念。認為人由靈魂和身軀合組而成。靈魂乃統治者,身軀是其臣屬。主人與奴隷即此關係。
靈魂統治身軀,另外智能(Intellect)統治慾望(Appetite),心靈(Mind)與理性(Ration)統治情緒(Passion)。
靈魂以專制式(Despotical)統治身軀,智能以改善式(Constitutional)統治慾望,心靈與理性以改善式和忠誠式(Royal)統治情緒。
主人對於奴隸的統治乃專制式,男人對於妻子的統治乃改善式,父親對於未成年子女的統治乃忠誠式。奴隸喻身軀,妻子喻慾望,未成年子女乃情緒,而男人乃靈魂。
家庭乃應男人需要而建立的自然結社。男性長者乃一家之主,其成員為妻子、未成年子女。妻子和未成年子女皆是自由人。唯奴隸乃主人的所有,不屬家庭成員,乃主人的行動工具(Instrument of action)與財產。
個人由家庭進而村落,其最終目的乃國家。國家由國王統治。國家乃個人的究極因(Final Cause)和目的(End),乃一自足自滿與至為完整的形式(Self-Sufficing and Best Form)。
個人的目的在國家,國家始為個人本性的完成。
個人的生存以國家的存在為條件,個人的本性於整體國家始能發現。
﹝以上參考:潘明正撰,人權之法理基礎,頁九十三,二十二,十九~二十。)
孔子在「大學之道」揭示「修身"their persons being cultivated"、齊家"their families were regulated"、治國"their states were rightly governed"、平天下"the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy"」的漸次。認為「自天子以至於庶人,壹是皆以修身為本。"From the son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides. James Legge, The Great Learning,op cit.,p.359"」(見大學章句,經一章、大學之道)
但修身是個人仁德的完成,如此,以完成個人修身為先決條件,進而齊家、治國、平天下。天子如此,庶人亦如此,故而,孔子不持有機論的社會秩序乃至有機論的宇宙觀。
孔子持「目的自主的機械論宇宙觀」?
(取自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.04
2012年1月2日 星期一
火車勾甘蔗(結論I) 主權在民是王道─「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。」(下之三)
堯舜的禪讓政治,依「天與之"Heaven gave it to him",民與之"The people gave it to him"」與「天受之Heaven accepted him",民受之"The people accepted him"」等原理而完成,展示「主權在民」的「王道」。故謂:「大道之行也,天下為公,選賢與能。」
此「大道」,亦顯現堯舜的仁德。而堯舜的仁德,出自本性,並無他人啟發之事。(見孟子‧盡心上‧盡心下)若有任何啟發,亦源自天道,故謂:「唯天為大,唯堯則之。"It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it."」(見論語‧泰伯,孟子‧滕文公上)蓋上天有好生之德,啟發堯舜、孔子乃至孟子的仁德本性,並同俱樸素的自然神論特色。
故而,天道、大道、王道、仁德乃至聖人之道,皆同一、無異。儒家稱之為道統。
天道之行,每五百年有聖人出。鳳凰出現,黃河澄清,龍馬負圖而出,諸瑞相相應。故而孔子有「鳳鳥不至,河不出圖,吾已矣夫!"The Fang bird does not come, the river sends forth no map, it is all over with me! James Legge,Confucian Analects, op cit.,p.219"」的浩歎!(論語‧子罕)將後續無人?
孟子敍述此「聖人之道」的傳遞,故謂:
「由堯舜至於湯,五百有餘歲,若禹、皐陶則見而知之,若湯則聞而知之。"From Yao and Shun down to Tang were 500 years and more. As to Yu and Kao Yao, they saw those earliest sages, and so knew their doctrines, while Tang heard their doctrines as transmitted, and so knew them."」
「由湯至於文王,五百有餘歲,若伊尹、萊朱則見而知之,若文王則聞而知之。"From Tang to king Wan were 500 years and more. As to I Yin, and Lai Chu, they saw Tang and knew his doctrines, while king Wan heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.」
「由文王至於孔子,五百有餘歲,若太公望、散宜生則見而知之,若孔子則聞而知之。"From king Wan to Confucius were 500 years and more. As to Tai-Kung Wang and San I-Shang, they saw Wan, and so knew his doctrines, while Confucius heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., pp.501-502."」(孟子‧盡心下)
堯舜兩聖人,遵行天道,立王道,施行仁政,建立聖人之道。而此「聖人之道」的傳遞,有親見聖人之道,受其啟發而行仁政者。有聽聞聖人之道,受其啟發而行仁政者。五百年又聖人出,聖賢接續,承先啟後,傳承此聖人之道。
堯舜以來,商湯、文王、孔子乃應天道而出的聖人,故而「聖人之道」不絶於後。
「由孔子而至今,百有餘歲,去聖人之世,若此其未遠也,近聖人之居,若此其甚也!然而無有乎爾!則亦無有乎爾。"From Confucius downwards until now, there are only 100 years and somewhat more.The distance in time from the sage is so far from being remote, and so very near at hand was the sage's resident. In these circumstances, is there no one to transmit his doctrines? Yea, is there no one to do so? Ibid."」(同上)
孟子距孔子有一百多年,孔門弟子親見孔子,受其啟發者,皆先後辭世,至孟子之世,已没有人親受孔子的啟發,難道聖人之道就此斷絶?
孟子算不算聽聞聖人之道,受其啟發者?
孟子私淑孔子(見孟子‧離婁下),自許聽聞「聖人之道」,而受其啟發者,故謂:
「彼一時,此一時也。五百年必有王者興,其間必有名世者。由周而來,七百有餘歲矣。以其數,則過矣;以其時考之,則可矣。夫天未欲平治天下也,如欲平治天下,當今之世,舍我其誰也?吾何為不豫哉!"That was one time, and this is another. It is a rule that a true royal sovereign(a virtuous king) should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation. From the commencement of the Chu dynasty till now, more than seven hundred years have elapsed. Judging numerically, the date is past. Examining the character of present time, we might expect the rise of such individuals in it. But Heaven does not yet wish that kingdom should enjoy tranquillity and good order. If it wished this, who is there besides me to bring it about? How should I be otherwise than dissatisfied? Ibid.p232"」(孟子‧公孫丑下)
孟子讚許孔子的「集聖人之大成」,謂:「自有生民以來,未有盛於孔子也!"From the birth of mankind till now, there never has been one so complete as Confucius! Ibid.p.196"」(孟子‧公孫丑上)又私淑孔子,傳承此「聖人之道」──儒家的道統,非孟子莫屬乎!?
孔子堪稱聖人乎?
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest )
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
附記:
五百年代黃河清
中華民族出救星
救國救民救世界
領袖功德與天平
六十年來,中國國民黨在台灣如此歌頌蔣介石!
孫中山自認繼承儒家道統。
孫中山、蔣介石可比擬孔子、孟子甚至堯舜?
的確,蔣介石領導的政權,簽署「大西洋憲章」「聯合國宣言」與「聯合國憲章」,使得中國成為聯合國創始會員國。
但是,二次世界大戰終戰後,台灣人並未因脫離日本殖民地,而恢復其主權者權利和自治(大西洋憲章第三項聲明)。
一九四九年,蔣介石以同盟國台灣軍事佔領當局,集權統治台灣。蔣氏父子軍事戒嚴台灣四十年,台灣從未脫離被殖民地位!
「王道」「聖人之道」,何曾見於台灣!
一九九六年起,台灣人選出三位領導人!是台灣的?是中華民國的?離不開「送錯椅」的陰影!
這次大選,台灣人,直接訴求「恢復完全的主權者權利與自治」,不要陷入永不翻身的「次殖民地」地位,其難受逾於「送錯椅」!不只是「菜脯根罔咬鹹」的難受!
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
此「大道」,亦顯現堯舜的仁德。而堯舜的仁德,出自本性,並無他人啟發之事。(見孟子‧盡心上‧盡心下)若有任何啟發,亦源自天道,故謂:「唯天為大,唯堯則之。"It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it."」(見論語‧泰伯,孟子‧滕文公上)蓋上天有好生之德,啟發堯舜、孔子乃至孟子的仁德本性,並同俱樸素的自然神論特色。
故而,天道、大道、王道、仁德乃至聖人之道,皆同一、無異。儒家稱之為道統。
天道之行,每五百年有聖人出。鳳凰出現,黃河澄清,龍馬負圖而出,諸瑞相相應。故而孔子有「鳳鳥不至,河不出圖,吾已矣夫!"The Fang bird does not come, the river sends forth no map, it is all over with me! James Legge,Confucian Analects, op cit.,p.219"」的浩歎!(論語‧子罕)將後續無人?
孟子敍述此「聖人之道」的傳遞,故謂:
「由堯舜至於湯,五百有餘歲,若禹、皐陶則見而知之,若湯則聞而知之。"From Yao and Shun down to Tang were 500 years and more. As to Yu and Kao Yao, they saw those earliest sages, and so knew their doctrines, while Tang heard their doctrines as transmitted, and so knew them."」
「由湯至於文王,五百有餘歲,若伊尹、萊朱則見而知之,若文王則聞而知之。"From Tang to king Wan were 500 years and more. As to I Yin, and Lai Chu, they saw Tang and knew his doctrines, while king Wan heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.」
「由文王至於孔子,五百有餘歲,若太公望、散宜生則見而知之,若孔子則聞而知之。"From king Wan to Confucius were 500 years and more. As to Tai-Kung Wang and San I-Shang, they saw Wan, and so knew his doctrines, while Confucius heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., pp.501-502."」(孟子‧盡心下)
堯舜兩聖人,遵行天道,立王道,施行仁政,建立聖人之道。而此「聖人之道」的傳遞,有親見聖人之道,受其啟發而行仁政者。有聽聞聖人之道,受其啟發而行仁政者。五百年又聖人出,聖賢接續,承先啟後,傳承此聖人之道。
堯舜以來,商湯、文王、孔子乃應天道而出的聖人,故而「聖人之道」不絶於後。
「由孔子而至今,百有餘歲,去聖人之世,若此其未遠也,近聖人之居,若此其甚也!然而無有乎爾!則亦無有乎爾。"From Confucius downwards until now, there are only 100 years and somewhat more.The distance in time from the sage is so far from being remote, and so very near at hand was the sage's resident. In these circumstances, is there no one to transmit his doctrines? Yea, is there no one to do so? Ibid."」(同上)
孟子距孔子有一百多年,孔門弟子親見孔子,受其啟發者,皆先後辭世,至孟子之世,已没有人親受孔子的啟發,難道聖人之道就此斷絶?
孟子算不算聽聞聖人之道,受其啟發者?
孟子私淑孔子(見孟子‧離婁下),自許聽聞「聖人之道」,而受其啟發者,故謂:
「彼一時,此一時也。五百年必有王者興,其間必有名世者。由周而來,七百有餘歲矣。以其數,則過矣;以其時考之,則可矣。夫天未欲平治天下也,如欲平治天下,當今之世,舍我其誰也?吾何為不豫哉!"That was one time, and this is another. It is a rule that a true royal sovereign(a virtuous king) should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation. From the commencement of the Chu dynasty till now, more than seven hundred years have elapsed. Judging numerically, the date is past. Examining the character of present time, we might expect the rise of such individuals in it. But Heaven does not yet wish that kingdom should enjoy tranquillity and good order. If it wished this, who is there besides me to bring it about? How should I be otherwise than dissatisfied? Ibid.p232"」(孟子‧公孫丑下)
孟子讚許孔子的「集聖人之大成」,謂:「自有生民以來,未有盛於孔子也!"From the birth of mankind till now, there never has been one so complete as Confucius! Ibid.p.196"」(孟子‧公孫丑上)又私淑孔子,傳承此「聖人之道」──儒家的道統,非孟子莫屬乎!?
孔子堪稱聖人乎?
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest )
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
附記:
五百年代黃河清
中華民族出救星
救國救民救世界
領袖功德與天平
六十年來,中國國民黨在台灣如此歌頌蔣介石!
孫中山自認繼承儒家道統。
孫中山、蔣介石可比擬孔子、孟子甚至堯舜?
的確,蔣介石領導的政權,簽署「大西洋憲章」「聯合國宣言」與「聯合國憲章」,使得中國成為聯合國創始會員國。
但是,二次世界大戰終戰後,台灣人並未因脫離日本殖民地,而恢復其主權者權利和自治(大西洋憲章第三項聲明)。
一九四九年,蔣介石以同盟國台灣軍事佔領當局,集權統治台灣。蔣氏父子軍事戒嚴台灣四十年,台灣從未脫離被殖民地位!
「王道」「聖人之道」,何曾見於台灣!
一九九六年起,台灣人選出三位領導人!是台灣的?是中華民國的?離不開「送錯椅」的陰影!
這次大選,台灣人,直接訴求「恢復完全的主權者權利與自治」,不要陷入永不翻身的「次殖民地」地位,其難受逾於「送錯椅」!不只是「菜脯根罔咬鹹」的難受!
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
2011年12月23日 星期五
火車勾甘蔗(結論I) 主權在民是王道─「民為貴, 社稷次之,君為輕。」(下之二)
孟子欲回復「耕者九一」與「仕者世祿」的原創精神─耕者有其田。故而,一再提起:
「若民,則無恒產,因(而)無恒心。"As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, they will not have a fixed heart.James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit.,p.147"」(孟子‧梁惠王上)
「民之為道也,有恒產者則有恒心,無恒產者則無恒心。"The way of the people is this;-If they have a certain livelihood, they will have a fixed heart; if they have not a certain livelihood, they will have not a fixed heart.Ibid.pp.239-240"」(孟子‧滕文公上)
有恒產則有恒心,回歸周文王的仁政,王道始得以建立。
又,孟子說道:「無恒產而有恒心者,惟士為能。"There are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart.Ibid.p.147"」(孟子‧梁惠王上)
其用意何在?
彰顯儒家的「富貴不能淫,貧賤不能移,威武不能屈。"To be above the power of riches and honours to make dissipated, of poverty and mean conditions to make swerve from principle, and of power and force to make bend.Ibid.p.265"」的大丈夫行徑"The behaviors of the great man,ibid"?(孟子‧滕文公下)
但是孟子還是說道:
「有天爵者,有人爵者。"There is a nobility of Heaven, and there is a nobility of man.Ibid.pp.418-419"」(孟子‧告子上)
世間有天然爵位,尊貴非凡,受天人敬重。也有人間爵位,功名利祿豐碩,受人羨慕。
「仁義忠信,樂善不倦,此天爵也。"Benevolence,righteousness,self-consecration,and fidelity, with unwearied joy in these virtues;-these constitute the nobility of Heaven.Ibid.p.419"」(同上)
奉行仁義忠信,樂於行善,永不厭倦,即是尊貴的天爵。
「公卿大夫,此人爵也。"To be a Kung(prince in highest rank),a Ching,or a Ta-fu(officers in all ranks); these constitute the nobility of man.Ibid"」(同上)
天子及封建諸侯,卿大夫仕途,就是人人羨慕的人爵。
「古之人,修習天爵,而人爵從之。"The man of antiquity cultivated their nobility of Heaven, and the nobility of man came to them in its train.Ibid"」
古時候的士人,修習仁義忠信、行善不渝,天子、諸候、公卿大夫爵位,不求而至。
「今之人,修其天爵,以要人爵。"The men at the present day cultivate their nobility of Heaven in order to seek for the nobility of man.Ibid"」(同上)
現代的士人,修習仁義道德、行善不絶,為了獲得公卿大夫等官位。「學也,祿在其中矣!」
「既得人爵,而棄其天爵,則惑之甚者也。終亦也亡而己矣。"And when they have obtained that, they throw away the other;- their delusion is extreme. The issue is simple this, that they must lost that nobility of man as well.Ibid"」(同上)
天子諸侯公卿大夫在位、世祿永在,仁義忠信擺一邊,眾善不行,諸惡大作,昧於因果,不知其人爵因天爵而獲得!捨棄天爵,人爵能存?
天子諸侯公卿士大夫(即知書達禮的讀書人)享有世祿,有了恒產,竟然失去恒心。
得魚忘荃"Once we get the fish, the trap is forgotten."?得意忘言"When the idea has been grasped, the words are forgotten."?(見莊子‧外物)
或魚與熊掌不可得兼的兩難論式?"The dilemma of fish and bear's paws cannot have together at the same time." (孟子‧告子上)
無恒產而有恒心,惟「士」為能的「士」,只限於孔門弟子?
台灣耆宿唸唸「菜脯根罔咬鹹」,會是孔孟的真實信徒?得到孔孟的真傳?
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest )
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.23
「若民,則無恒產,因(而)無恒心。"As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, they will not have a fixed heart.James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit.,p.147"」(孟子‧梁惠王上)
「民之為道也,有恒產者則有恒心,無恒產者則無恒心。"The way of the people is this;-If they have a certain livelihood, they will have a fixed heart; if they have not a certain livelihood, they will have not a fixed heart.Ibid.pp.239-240"」(孟子‧滕文公上)
有恒產則有恒心,回歸周文王的仁政,王道始得以建立。
又,孟子說道:「無恒產而有恒心者,惟士為能。"There are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart.Ibid.p.147"」(孟子‧梁惠王上)
其用意何在?
彰顯儒家的「富貴不能淫,貧賤不能移,威武不能屈。"To be above the power of riches and honours to make dissipated, of poverty and mean conditions to make swerve from principle, and of power and force to make bend.Ibid.p.265"」的大丈夫行徑"The behaviors of the great man,ibid"?(孟子‧滕文公下)
但是孟子還是說道:
「有天爵者,有人爵者。"There is a nobility of Heaven, and there is a nobility of man.Ibid.pp.418-419"」(孟子‧告子上)
世間有天然爵位,尊貴非凡,受天人敬重。也有人間爵位,功名利祿豐碩,受人羨慕。
「仁義忠信,樂善不倦,此天爵也。"Benevolence,righteousness,self-consecration,and fidelity, with unwearied joy in these virtues;-these constitute the nobility of Heaven.Ibid.p.419"」(同上)
奉行仁義忠信,樂於行善,永不厭倦,即是尊貴的天爵。
「公卿大夫,此人爵也。"To be a Kung(prince in highest rank),a Ching,or a Ta-fu(officers in all ranks); these constitute the nobility of man.Ibid"」(同上)
天子及封建諸侯,卿大夫仕途,就是人人羨慕的人爵。
「古之人,修習天爵,而人爵從之。"The man of antiquity cultivated their nobility of Heaven, and the nobility of man came to them in its train.Ibid"」
古時候的士人,修習仁義忠信、行善不渝,天子、諸候、公卿大夫爵位,不求而至。
「今之人,修其天爵,以要人爵。"The men at the present day cultivate their nobility of Heaven in order to seek for the nobility of man.Ibid"」(同上)
現代的士人,修習仁義道德、行善不絶,為了獲得公卿大夫等官位。「學也,祿在其中矣!」
「既得人爵,而棄其天爵,則惑之甚者也。終亦也亡而己矣。"And when they have obtained that, they throw away the other;- their delusion is extreme. The issue is simple this, that they must lost that nobility of man as well.Ibid"」(同上)
天子諸侯公卿大夫在位、世祿永在,仁義忠信擺一邊,眾善不行,諸惡大作,昧於因果,不知其人爵因天爵而獲得!捨棄天爵,人爵能存?
天子諸侯公卿士大夫(即知書達禮的讀書人)享有世祿,有了恒產,竟然失去恒心。
得魚忘荃"Once we get the fish, the trap is forgotten."?得意忘言"When the idea has been grasped, the words are forgotten."?(見莊子‧外物)
或魚與熊掌不可得兼的兩難論式?"The dilemma of fish and bear's paws cannot have together at the same time." (孟子‧告子上)
無恒產而有恒心,惟「士」為能的「士」,只限於孔門弟子?
台灣耆宿唸唸「菜脯根罔咬鹹」,會是孔孟的真實信徒?得到孔孟的真傳?
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest )
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.23
2011年12月22日 星期四
火車勾甘蔗 (結論.I)主權在民是王道-「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。」(下之一)
孟子的王道思想,源自堯舜的「禪讓政治」─「天與之、天受之"Heaven gave it to him, Heaven accepted him."」「民與之、 民受之"The people gave it to him, the people accepted him."」「天視自我民視"Heaven sees according as my people see."」「天聽自我民聽"Heaven hears according as my people hear."」的主權在民概念。
故謂:「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。是故,得乎丘民而為天子。"The people are the most important element in a nation, the spirits of the land and grain are the next, the sovereign(emperor) is the lightest. Therefore to gain the peasantry is the way to become sovereign(emperor).James Legge,The Works of Mencius,op cit.,p.483""」(孟子盡心下)
「三代之得天下也,以仁;其失天下也,以不仁。It was by benevolence that the three dynasties gained the throne, and by not being benevolent that they lost it.Ibid.p.293"」「天子不仁,不保四海,諸侯不仁,不保社稷,卿大夫不仁,不保宗廟,土庶人不仁,不保四體。"If the sovereign(emperor) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve the throne from passing from him. If the head of a state(the prince) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his rule. If a high noble or great officer be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his ancestral temple. If a scholar or common man be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his four limbs.Ibid.p.294"」(孟子離婁上)
「仁」是王道的核心價值,仁政是王道的具體呈現。而孟子的仁政慨念,乃取法於西伯姬昌(周文王)的治理西歧,其所施行的仁政。
周文王以「耕者九一"The husbandmen cultivated for the government one-ninth of the land",仕者世祿"The descendants of officers were enjoyed hereditary emolument"」等仁政(見孟子梁惠王下),治理西岐。
耕者九一,即助而不稅的井田制,乃八家私百畝,同養百畝公田,替代稅賦,耕者有其田。因此,每戶五畝農舍,種桑養蠶養雞養豬,男耕女織,五十衣帛、七十食肉,不凍不餒。「孝悌」普行於鄉里,西伯善養老者,傳於四方。(孟子離婁上、盡心上)天下之農,皆悅而願耕於其野。(孟子公孫丑上)
仕者世祿,即出仕做官的人,其子孫皆得繼承其俸祿,世世代代亨有祿田。仕者退職後,回歸田園生活,自力耕食。耕者有其田,世代子孫衣食豐足。故而,賢能俊傑之士,樂於效命西岐。(同上)
「耕者九一」與「仕者世祿」,其精神乃在,「有恒產者,則有恒心"If they have a certain livelihood, it follows that they will have a fixed heart."」。旨在,使得農民、士人皆有恒產,以保持行仁的恒心。
「恒產」「恒心」,已俱「不可剝奪權利」與「道德不能剝奪」的概念,乃王道不可或缺的元素。
文王次子,姬發(周武王)在此仁政的基礎,得以號召天下,共同推翻紂王的暴政。然而,「井田制」與「世祿制」經納入封建體系後,恒產、恒心的概念,變成永遠不變(恒)的身分(status)。
封建諸侯亨有世襲的爵位和封邑,士、大夫卿亦享有世襲的俸祿、祿田。因而,取得地主的永久地位。其恒產制度化,其恒心在乎?
而農民成為永久世襲的佃農,沒有耕地的所有權,收成被層層剝削,恒產何在?離「農奴」不遠,其恒心何以存在?
尤其,封建貴族,得到天子的封賜,並未得到該封邑人民的同意,帶領大批軍隊和大量移民,到其封邑,鞏固其占領地區和征服土地,建立統治機制,強制執行井田制,已充分顯現封建制度本身內涵的殖民主義和帝國主義,要與王道背道而馳,仁政何以施展?
回歸「耕者有其田」,有恒產者,則有恒心,才有真正意義!
」
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.22
故謂:「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。是故,得乎丘民而為天子。"The people are the most important element in a nation, the spirits of the land and grain are the next, the sovereign(emperor) is the lightest. Therefore to gain the peasantry is the way to become sovereign(emperor).James Legge,The Works of Mencius,op cit.,p.483""」(孟子盡心下)
「三代之得天下也,以仁;其失天下也,以不仁。It was by benevolence that the three dynasties gained the throne, and by not being benevolent that they lost it.Ibid.p.293"」「天子不仁,不保四海,諸侯不仁,不保社稷,卿大夫不仁,不保宗廟,土庶人不仁,不保四體。"If the sovereign(emperor) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve the throne from passing from him. If the head of a state(the prince) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his rule. If a high noble or great officer be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his ancestral temple. If a scholar or common man be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his four limbs.Ibid.p.294"」(孟子離婁上)
「仁」是王道的核心價值,仁政是王道的具體呈現。而孟子的仁政慨念,乃取法於西伯姬昌(周文王)的治理西歧,其所施行的仁政。
周文王以「耕者九一"The husbandmen cultivated for the government one-ninth of the land",仕者世祿"The descendants of officers were enjoyed hereditary emolument"」等仁政(見孟子梁惠王下),治理西岐。
耕者九一,即助而不稅的井田制,乃八家私百畝,同養百畝公田,替代稅賦,耕者有其田。因此,每戶五畝農舍,種桑養蠶養雞養豬,男耕女織,五十衣帛、七十食肉,不凍不餒。「孝悌」普行於鄉里,西伯善養老者,傳於四方。(孟子離婁上、盡心上)天下之農,皆悅而願耕於其野。(孟子公孫丑上)
仕者世祿,即出仕做官的人,其子孫皆得繼承其俸祿,世世代代亨有祿田。仕者退職後,回歸田園生活,自力耕食。耕者有其田,世代子孫衣食豐足。故而,賢能俊傑之士,樂於效命西岐。(同上)
「耕者九一」與「仕者世祿」,其精神乃在,「有恒產者,則有恒心"If they have a certain livelihood, it follows that they will have a fixed heart."」。旨在,使得農民、士人皆有恒產,以保持行仁的恒心。
「恒產」「恒心」,已俱「不可剝奪權利」與「道德不能剝奪」的概念,乃王道不可或缺的元素。
文王次子,姬發(周武王)在此仁政的基礎,得以號召天下,共同推翻紂王的暴政。然而,「井田制」與「世祿制」經納入封建體系後,恒產、恒心的概念,變成永遠不變(恒)的身分(status)。
封建諸侯亨有世襲的爵位和封邑,士、大夫卿亦享有世襲的俸祿、祿田。因而,取得地主的永久地位。其恒產制度化,其恒心在乎?
而農民成為永久世襲的佃農,沒有耕地的所有權,收成被層層剝削,恒產何在?離「農奴」不遠,其恒心何以存在?
尤其,封建貴族,得到天子的封賜,並未得到該封邑人民的同意,帶領大批軍隊和大量移民,到其封邑,鞏固其占領地區和征服土地,建立統治機制,強制執行井田制,已充分顯現封建制度本身內涵的殖民主義和帝國主義,要與王道背道而馳,仁政何以施展?
回歸「耕者有其田」,有恒產者,則有恒心,才有真正意義!
」
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.22
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