「己所不欲,勿施於人。」
孔子處於黃金時代(聖王之治)的衰退期。但是,道德世界的主體結構尚紮實,禮樂制度仍完整保存。強化樑柱,主體結構不會傾斜。因此,孔子宣揚仁道。
孟子承繼仁道,講王道,欲抽樑換柱。因為,地基穩固。主體架構仍可用。
孔子、孟子所認知的黃金時代,就是聖王的道德世界,不講權利、權力,只效法天地如何給予人類生存條件。─如太陽的付出,没有回收的期待。稱天命!?
因此,孔子、孟子不曾顧慮:大厦的管理者,處處鑿洞,天天挖東牆補西牆。大厦總有傾倒的一天!大厦必須建立共管制度,選出管理委員。
故而,孔子對於:權力的來源,權力的授與原理與制度,權力的制衡,主權者(人民)表達意見的機制,皆付闕如。只留下一根菜脯─「己所不欲,勿施於人」?
但是,洛克不處於黃金時代任何時期,其黃金時代是虛擬的(Fictional)。
故而,所謂:「黃金時代─虛妄野心、邪惡慾念腐化人心,致曲解真正權力與榮譽之前,較俱德性。因而,統治者較賢明,劣民亦較少。"(But though the) Golden Age-(before vain Ambition, and amor sceleratus habendi, evil Concupiscence, had corrupted mens minds into a Mistake of true Power and Honour) had more Virtue, and consequently better Governours, as well as less vicious Sujects; (and there was then no stretching Prerogative on the one side to oppress the People; nor consequently on the other any Dispute about Priviledge, to lessen or restrain the Power of the Magistrate; and so no contest betwixt rulers and People about Governours or Government.)"」僅是洛克所虛擬的情境
「於未來時期,當野心與淫樂,導致權力緊抓不捨與無限增加,而不作正當用途。且,加上媚佞之言,唆使君王區別與分離其人民的利益。"Yet, when Ambition and Luxury, in future Ages would retain and increase the Power, without doing the Business, for which it was given, and aided by Flattery, taught Princes to have distinct and separate Interests from their People."」
此「未來時期」,其實就是洛克所處的時代。
因此,洛克處於「我"不犯"(do not offend)人」,而無能排除「人之"犯"(to offend)我」。而「人之所以"犯"(to offend)我」,完全因為「我和人人」將其執行自然法權利或權力,讓渡給政府。「人之"犯"(to offend)我」,來自公權力的「不作正當用途」!政府不當行使公權力所造成!
故說:「人民乃發覺必要較仔細檢驗政府的來源與權利或權力,並研擬限制權力無節制的辦法,與防止權力的濫用。"Men found it necessary to examine more carefully the Original and Rights of Government, and to find out ways to restrain the Exorbitances, and prevent the Abuses of that Power."」
「蓋,此權力乃人民僅為其利益而委託他人。然,發覺竟用來傷害人民。"Which they having intrusted in another's hands only for their own good, they found was made use of to hurt them. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government,Section 111"」
洛克同於孔子、孟子,必須正視公權力。仔細考量:權力的來源,權力的授受原理與制度,權力的制衡,主權者(人民)表達其主權與意志的機制。
孔子、孟子握著執行自然的權力(天方寶劍?),走回頭路。而洛克握著自然權利,追索執行自然法權利,開闢新道路,重建道德秩序,使得「我不犯人,人不犯我」,操之在我!
洛克勝於孔子、孟子?
劉邦在宣布「約法三章」後,儒家為何没人回應:「君主立憲」!或倡議「圓桌會議」!
西方文化勝於東方文化?
這根菜脯能再咬?
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.03.03
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