火車勾甘蔗(結論‧Ⅳ)漢儒的有機體論宇宙觀(七)

「父父，子子。」

孔子和齊景公都曾「為人子」。當時，可能父母皆不在人世。都同「為人父」。因此，懂得「做兒子、做父親」的道理。

父父，做父親的，盡父道。

子子，做子女的，盡孝道。

引起齊景公的共鳴！

「說的是！說的好！
假定君不盡君道，臣不盡臣道。父不盡父道，子女不盡孝道。即使糧食再充實，我那有心情享用？」

「君君，臣臣，父父，子子。」就是為政之道。

孔子認為，「為政」不在「出外做官」或「立於朝廷」。「孝弟」推行於家庭，就是「為政」。等同「出外做官」或「立於朝庭」。有「書」為證：

子曰：書云：「孝乎，惟孝友于兄弟。」施於有政，是亦為政，奚其為為政？"The Master(Confucius) said: What does the Shu-ching say of filial piety ? " You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties." These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be THAT-making one be in the government ? James legge, Confucian Analects, op cit., p.153"(論語‧為政)

「其為人也孝弟，而好犯上者鮮矣。不好犯上，而好作亂者，未之有也。"They are few who, being filial and fraternal, are fond of offending against their superiors, there have been none, who, not liking to offend against their superiors, have been fond of stirring up confusion.」

「君子務本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其為仁之本與？"The superior man bends his attention to what is radical, that being established, all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission! are they not the root of all benevolent actions ? Ibid., pp. 138-139"」(論語‧學而)

孝弟是社會的穩定力量，也是「仁」的根本。

孔子得意弟子「有子"The philosopher Yu"」，提出以上觀點。

故而，孔子的「為政之道」，在於孝弟的推廣，孝弟就是「仁」的根本。

但是，孔子不說「父為子綱」！孟子亦不說！

反而，

孔子目睹「餒在其中矣的耕者」，年紀大了，子女接替耕作，三餐供應不斷，即使，「不怨天，不尤人」(論語‧憲問)，對父母能存「敬心」？

孔子說道：

「今之孝者，是謂能養。至於犬馬，皆能有養。不敬，何以別乎？"The filial piety of now-a-days means the support of one's parents; But dogs and horses likewise are able to do somethings in the way of support; Without reverence, what is there to distinguish the one support given from the others ? Ibid., p.148"」(論語‧為政)期望弟子做好榜樣！

孟子瞭解平民、農夫的痛苦所在─無恒產者則無恒心"If they have not a certain livelihood, they will have not a fixed heart"！(孟子‧梁惠上、滕文公上)

因此，矢志推行王道，以恢復「耕者九一」的井田制，使得「有恒產者則有恒心"If they have a certain livelihood, they will have a fixed heart"」，則「五十者可以衣帛矣、七十者可以食肉矣！謹庠序之教，申之以孝悌之義，頒白者不負戴於道矣！"Persons of fifty years may be clothed with silk, persons of seventy years may eat flesh ! Let careful attention be paid to education in school,_the inculcation in it especially of the filial and fraternal duties. And grey-haired men will not be seen upon the road, carrying burden on their backs or on their heads.James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., p.149"」(參考孟子‧梁惠王上)孝弟普行民間！

「為政之道」如是。「三綱五常」也是闡揚「為政之道」？

孔子、孟子總該說：夫為妻綱！

亞里斯多德不是說：家庭乃應男人需要而建立的自然結社！

董仲舒的「三綱」，怎能缺乏正宗儒家的範例？

孔子的機械論宇宙觀，究竟怎麼回事？



(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)


Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.02.10