By 'n' by hard times comes a-knocking at the door ! (52)



堯帝並非帝嚳的長子，他的權位( throne )，並非來自族長權( right of patriarch )的繼承，而是來自各部落首領的共同推舉。

各部落首領共同推舉堯帝擔任什麼權位 ?

堯禪讓舜之前，先讓舜斷理各部落諍訟(見孟子萬章上)。所以，各部落首領共同推舉堯帝，出任佛陀所說的平等主，斷理諍訟(見長阿含四姓經)。

洛克提到，人民締結社會契約，讓渡其執行自然法的權利，成立政府，以建立共同裁判所，用以保障生命、自由與財產等自然權利，結束自然狀態。

堯的權位同於平等主，皆是基於社會契約，而非族長權的繼承。

因此，堯、平等主和洛克所稱的君王，其權力來源，非族長權的繼承，亦非神授(君權神授 Divine Right) ，唯，基於社會契約，乃人民的同意。

雖然，堯禪讓舜權位之前，仍先使舜主祭。故而，孟子乃謂 :「使之主祭，百神享之，是天受之 ; 使之主事而事治，百姓安之，是民受之也。天與之，民與之，故曰 : 天子不能以天下與人。」(註1)

如是，主權在民，能有疑義 ?

 (註1)

Mencius replied : He caused him to preside over the sacrifices, and all the spirits were well pleased with them; ----thus Heaven accepted him. He caused him to preside over the conduct of affairs, and affairs were well administered, so that the people reposed under him ;---- thus the people accepted him.

Heaven gave the throne to him. The people gave it to him. Therefore I said, "The sovreign cannot give throne to another. (The work of Mencius, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., BK. V. part I, Wan Chang)

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker

By 'n' by hard times comes a-knocking at the door ! (51)

周武王推翻商紂暴政，除保留殷商京畿外，分封家族成員及功臣，分別在殷商領土建國，以實際軍事佔領商土，屏障周王室，並以井田制度，推行其殖民政策，稱之封建制度。

此封建制度，堯帝已行之，而舜禹湯沿用之。

王室居其所，而諸侯共(拱)之。封建制度不就是立於機械論宇宙觀 ?

為何孔子開宗明義，"為政以德"，並以舜帝恭己正南面的"無為而治"為範例 ?

孔子不認同封建制度 ?

封建諸侯有其自主性，幾近完全自治。

孔子不就這麼說 :

天下有道，則禮樂征伐自天子出。(註1)

周王室只管禮樂征伐，封建諸侯行政財政等獨立，而擁有重兵與謀士。

孟子也這麼說 : 天子適諸侯曰巡狩，諸侯朝於天子曰述職。(註2)

天子每十二年巡視其封疆諸侯一次，而諸侯每五年回朝廷向天子報告施政情形。可見，封建制度不行中央集權，也不行地方分治，是寬鬆的邦聯制。

孔子為什麼不認同封建制度 ?

孔子不認同其世襲制，因為欠缺為政以德之仁德。

故謂 : 大道之行也，天下為公，選賢與能........... 。(見禮運大同篇)

孟子也不認同封建制度的主權觀念。

故謂 : 天子不能以天下與人。....天與之，民與之 ; 天受之，民受之(參考孟子萬章上)

(註1) :

The Master said, "When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive militaty expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive militaty expeditions proceed from the princes. "( Ibid., Ch. XVI, Ke She )

(註2):

Mencius said, "The five chiefs of princes were sinners against the three kings. The princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. The Great officers of the present day are the sinners against the princes. The Sovereign visited the princes, which was called " A tour of Inspection. " The princes attended at the court of the sovereign, which was called " Giving a report of office. " It was a custom in the spring to examine the ploughing, and supply any defficiency of seed, and in autumn to examine the reaping, and assist where was a defficiency of the crop. "( The work of Mencius, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., BK. VI )

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker



By 'n' by hard times comes a-knocking at the door ! (50)



子曰 :「為政以德。譬如北辰，居其所，而眾星共之。」(論語為政)

The Master said, "He who exercises government by means of his virtue, may be compared to the north polar star which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it." ( Confucian Analects, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., Ch. II, Wei Chang )

北辰、北極星是小熊星座的恆星，民間稱帝星，而大熊星座的北斗七星為其御輦，民間稱帝車。北極星居天體樞紐地位，而群星環繞而自律運行，故曰眾星拱之。

北極星的樞紐地位，如太陽系的太陽，九大行星繞著太陽，各依固定軌道，以不變的速度，周行不息。地球依其固定軌道繞著太陽一圈，人間稱一年。

樞紐如車輪的轂，各個行星的固定軌道，如輪圈。

不見輪輻，也不見御者。

輪轂如何攝持輪圈 ?

又輪轂如何轉動輪圈，使得輪圈速率平均，轉動不息 ?

孔子不說上天的操控，也不說萬有引力所致。然而，特別指出，這是為政以德的模範( pattern ) ，揭示上天啟示的政治原理。

孔子乃謂 :「大哉，堯之為君也 ! 巍巍乎，唯天為大，唯堯則之 ! 蕩蕩乎，民無能名焉 ! 巍巍乎，其有成功也 ! 煥乎，其有文章 ! 」(論語泰伯)

The Master said, " Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign ! How majestic was he ! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded it. How vast his virtue ! The people could find no name for it. How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished !

How glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted ! "( Ibid., Ch. VIII, Tai Po )

孔子同於堯帝的自然神論( Deism )，唯天為大，仲尼則之，不認為上天操控天體運行和人間事務。

孔子乃以舜帝的為政以德，作為此政治原理的範例。

故謂 :「無為而治者，其舜也與 ! 夫何為哉 ? 恭己南面而已矣。」(論語衛靈公)

The Master said, " May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion ? What did he do ? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupied his royal seat. "( Ibid., Ch. XV, Wei Ling Kung )

北辰居其所的眾星共之，舜恭己南面的無為而治，彰顯孔子的機械論宇宙觀。

孔子的自然神論和機械論宇宙觀，形構儒家的核心價值---仁，演繹道德與政治原理。

因此，"Old Kentucky home"就是仁的成果，果實纍纍遍及，孔子的大同理想世界，或孟子王道說的小康社會。

但，這早已是人間稀果或只是儒家的紙上作業( paper work )。

為什麼 ?

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker

By 'n' by hard times comes a-knocking at the door ! (49)

孟子藉王道的宣揚，以實現孔子的大同理想世界。所謂王道，並非天命，而是建立普世有恆產則有恆心的小康社會(附註)。知天命，學而優則仕的讀書人，當效法君子"謀道不謀食、憂道不憂食"的原則，秉持 : 無恆產而有恆心者，唯士為能。用以完成自主性的天命，成就個人終極目的。

故謂 : 無恆產而有恆心者，唯士為能。若民則無恆產，因(而)無恆心。

Mencius replied : They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart. ( The work of Mencius, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., BK. I )

唯，無論是孔子的大同理想世界，或孟子王道說的小康社會，其基礎乃機械論宇宙觀，而非有機體論宇宙觀。

附註 :

「五畝之宅，樹之以桑，五十者可以衣帛矣 ; 雞豚狗彘之畜，無失其時，七十者可以食肉矣 ; 百畝之田，勿奪其時，八口之家，可以無飢矣。謹庠序之教，申之以孝悌之義，頒白者不負戴於道路矣。老者衣帛食肉，黎民不飢不寒，然而不王者，未之有也。」(孟子梁惠王上)

「Let mulberry-tree be planted about the homesteads with their five mau, and persons of fifty years may be clothed with silk. In keeping fowls, pigs, dogs, and swine, let not their times of breeding be neglected, and persons of seventy years may eat flesh. Let there not be taken away the time that is proper for the cultivation of the farm with its hundren mau, and the family of eight mouths that is supported by it shall not suffer from hunger. Let careful attention be paid to education in schools,---the incalcation in it especially of the filial and fraternal duties, and grey-haired men will not be seen upon the roads, carrying burdens on their backs or on their heads. It never has been that the ruler of a State, where such results were seen,---the old wearing silk and eating flesh, and the black-haired people suffering neither from hunger nor cold,---did not attain the royal dignity. 」( The work of Mencius, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., BK. I )  

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker



By 'n' by hard times comes a-knocking at the door ! (48)



上帝創造宇宙萬物，賦予萬物，大至星體小至微塵，萬有引力，不用介入宇宙的運作，而整個宇宙的運行，秩序井然。  

天何言哉 ? 四時行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉 !(論語陽貨)

Does Heaven speak ? The four seasons pursue their courses, and all things are continually being produced, Does Heaven speak !( Confucian Analects, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., Ch. XVII )

孔子發現萬有引力 ?

上帝賦與人類理性，不用涉入人類事務，人人依據天賦理性而自律自治，每個人得以自主，並完成其終極目的。

乃謂 : 天命之謂性，率性之謂道，修道之謂教。(中庸第一章論)

What Heaven has conferred is called Nature ; an accordance with this Nature is called the path of duty; the regulation of this path is called instruction. (The doctrine of the mean, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., Ch. I )

啟發理性，自發行為法則，以完成個人的終極目的，這是天命，也就是道。

故，

子曰 : 君子謀道不謀食。耕也，餒在其中也 ; 學也，祿在其中矣。君子憂道，不憂食。(論語衛靈公)

The Master said :

"The object of the superior man is truth. Food is not his object. There is ploughing ; ---even in that there is sometimes want. So with learning ; ----emolument may be found in it. The superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth."

( Confucian Analects, English translation by James Legge, D. D., LL. D., Ch. XV )

孔子師承堯舜的尊天法天，故而，此天命此道依於理性，而不法武王伐紂的天命說。

孔子這個樸素的自然神論，目標指向"個人目的自主"的"大同世界"----- My old Kentucky home !?

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker

大西洋憲章(THE ATLANTIC CHARTER) 後記(十六)

1990年代，波羅的海的愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞和立陶宛，脫離蘇聯而獨立。隨後，蘇聯的附庸，東歐共產集團一一自由民主化，乃至蘇聯本身解體。

這是馬克思信徒的回歸理性。

意志對於理性的服膺，容或有適應的問題，但是，意志不容凌駕理性。

唯，意志服從理性。

中國，無論中華民國或中華人民共和國，對於台灣仍主張大清帝國對於台灣的殖民主權力( colonial power ) ? 殖民主的權力可以繼承 ?

中國曾就波多黎各的非殖民化案，在聯合國大會大力抨擊殖民主義。中國總理周恩來在萬隆會議 ( The Bandung Conference, April 18-24, 1955 ) ，與29與會的亞非新獨立國家，同聲反對任何形式、任何樣貌的殖民主義( colonialism in all its forms and manifestations )。尤其，解放旨在，恢復所有人民被強制剝奪的主權者權利與自治 ; 普世的非殖民化。

因此，解放就是不介入、不干涉，不用強迫自由、強迫道德，尊重人民自決與個人的目的自主。也就是戈巴契夫的Sinatra Doctrine : I did it my way; he did it his way ; she did it her way .各走各的路，個人目的自主。

這是大西洋憲章對於人類永遠的承諾，由戰勝國和戰敗國先後共同背書，並由聯合國承擔其實現，保障四大自由( freedom of speech and expression, freedom of every person to worship God in his own way, freedom from want, and freedom from fear....everywhere in the world. )，以臻自由即普世人權至上( Freedom means the supremacy of Human Rights everywhere . )，成就普世的目的自主世界。

這是理性，自由與道德於焉生矣。

中國特色的社會主義不忌殖民主義和帝國主義 ?

莫忘，殖民主義和帝國主義是資本主義的邪惡和墮落。( Colonialism and Imperialism are the wickness and decay of Capitalism. )

馬克思信徒曾如是攻訐。

莫忘，中國人對於全人類的承諾 。

(取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker



大西洋憲章(THE ATLANTIC CHARTER) 後記(十五)之二

波多黎各人自稱，波多黎各是現今世界上最古老的殖民地，有五百年以上歷史，台灣的被殖民史，緊跟其後。

波多黎各的非殖民化，已是普世共識 。台灣被國共套上九二共識，等著接波多黎各的位子，坐上世界上最古老殖民地的寶座。

註 :

美國曾分別與麥克尼西亞聯邦、馬紹爾群島共和國及帛琉共和國( The Federated States of Micronesia, The Republic of Marshall Islands and The Republic of Palau ) ，締結自由協合盟約。

此等太平洋島嶼國家曾是聯合國託管地區 ，美國結束其託管任務後，渠等國家皆獲得獨立，成為主權國家，而與美國締結上述盟約。

 (取材自Alex Pan's Digest)  

Alex Pan TheWalker