堯舜的禪讓政治，依「天與之"Heaven gave it to him"，民與之"The people gave it to him"」與「天受之Heaven accepted him"，民受之"The people accepted him"」等原理而完成，展示「主權在民」的「王道」。故謂：「大道之行也，天下為公，選賢與能。」
此「大道」，亦顯現堯舜的仁德。而堯舜的仁德，出自本性，並無他人啟發之事。(見孟子‧盡心上‧盡心下)若有任何啟發，亦源自天道，故謂：「唯天為大，唯堯則之。"It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it."」(見論語‧泰伯，孟子‧滕文公上)蓋上天有好生之德，啟發堯舜、孔子乃至孟子的仁德本性，並同俱樸素的自然神論特色。
故而，天道、大道、王道、仁德乃至聖人之道，皆同一、無異。儒家稱之為道統。
天道之行，每五百年有聖人出。鳳凰出現，黃河澄清，龍馬負圖而出，諸瑞相相應。故而孔子有「鳳鳥不至，河不出圖，吾已矣夫！"The Fang bird does not come, the river sends forth no map, it is all over with me! James Legge,Confucian Analects, op cit.,p.219"」的浩歎!(論語‧子罕)將後續無人?
孟子敍述此「聖人之道」的傳遞，故謂：
「由堯舜至於湯，五百有餘歲，若禹、皐陶則見而知之，若湯則聞而知之。"From Yao and Shun down to Tang were 500 years and more. As to Yu and Kao Yao, they saw those earliest sages, and so knew their doctrines, while Tang heard their doctrines as transmitted, and so knew them."」
「由湯至於文王，五百有餘歲，若伊尹、萊朱則見而知之，若文王則聞而知之。"From Tang to king Wan were 500 years and more. As to I Yin, and Lai Chu, they saw Tang and knew his doctrines, while king Wan heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.」
「由文王至於孔子，五百有餘歲，若太公望、散宜生則見而知之，若孔子則聞而知之。"From king Wan to Confucius were 500 years and more. As to Tai-Kung Wang and San I-Shang, they saw Wan, and so knew his doctrines, while Confucius heard them as transmitted, and so knew them.James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., pp.501-502."」(孟子‧盡心下)
堯舜兩聖人，遵行天道，立王道，施行仁政，建立聖人之道。而此「聖人之道」的傳遞，有親見聖人之道，受其啟發而行仁政者。有聽聞聖人之道，受其啟發而行仁政者。五百年又聖人出，聖賢接續，承先啟後，傳承此聖人之道。
堯舜以來，商湯、文王、孔子乃應天道而出的聖人，故而「聖人之道」不絶於後。
「由孔子而至今，百有餘歲，去聖人之世，若此其未遠也，近聖人之居，若此其甚也！然而無有乎爾！則亦無有乎爾。"From Confucius downwards until now, there are only 100 years and somewhat more.The distance in time from the sage is so far from being remote, and so very near at hand was the sage's resident. In these circumstances, is there no one to transmit his doctrines? Yea, is there no one to do so? Ibid."」(同上)
孟子距孔子有一百多年，孔門弟子親見孔子，受其啟發者，皆先後辭世，至孟子之世，已没有人親受孔子的啟發，難道聖人之道就此斷絶？
孟子算不算聽聞聖人之道，受其啟發者？
孟子私淑孔子(見孟子‧離婁下)，自許聽聞「聖人之道」，而受其啟發者，故謂：
「彼一時，此一時也。五百年必有王者興，其間必有名世者。由周而來，七百有餘歲矣。以其數，則過矣；以其時考之，則可矣。夫天未欲平治天下也，如欲平治天下，當今之世，舍我其誰也？吾何為不豫哉！"That was one time, and this is another. It is a rule that a true royal sovereign(a virtuous king) should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation. From the commencement of the Chu dynasty till now, more than seven hundred years have elapsed. Judging numerically, the date is past. Examining the character of present time, we might expect the rise of such individuals in it. But Heaven does not yet wish that kingdom should enjoy tranquillity and good order. If it wished this, who is there besides me to bring it about? How should I be otherwise than dissatisfied? Ibid.p232"」(孟子‧公孫丑下)
孟子讚許孔子的「集聖人之大成」，謂：「自有生民以來，未有盛於孔子也！"From the birth of mankind till now, there never has been one so complete as Confucius! Ibid.p.196"」(孟子‧公孫丑上)又私淑孔子，傳承此「聖人之道」──儒家的道統，非孟子莫屬乎！？
孔子堪稱聖人乎？
(取材自 Alex Pan’s Digest )
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
附記：
五百年代黃河清
中華民族出救星
救國救民救世界
領袖功德與天平
六十年來，中國國民黨在台灣如此歌頌蔣介石！
孫中山自認繼承儒家道統。
孫中山、蔣介石可比擬孔子、孟子甚至堯舜？
的確，蔣介石領導的政權，簽署「大西洋憲章」「聯合國宣言」與「聯合國憲章」，使得中國成為聯合國創始會員國。
但是，二次世界大戰終戰後，台灣人並未因脫離日本殖民地，而恢復其主權者權利和自治(大西洋憲章第三項聲明)。
一九四九年，蔣介石以同盟國台灣軍事佔領當局，集權統治台灣。蔣氏父子軍事戒嚴台灣四十年，台灣從未脫離被殖民地位！
「王道」「聖人之道」，何曾見於台灣！
一九九六年起，台灣人選出三位領導人！是台灣的？是中華民國的？離不開「送錯椅」的陰影！
這次大選，台灣人，直接訴求「恢復完全的主權者權利與自治」，不要陷入永不翻身的「次殖民地」地位，其難受逾於「送錯椅」！不只是「菜脯根罔咬鹹」的難受！
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.02
沒有留言:
張貼留言